Electroosmotic hydraulic-based haptic reproduction of human pulse with high accuracy for remote diagnosis

Haptic pulse reproduction technology enables physicians to conduct remote, contact-free pulse diagnosis by transcending temporal and spatial constraints in traditional medical practice. However, current systems face challenges in accurately reproducing realistic pulse haptic feedback, which impacts diagnostic reliability. Here, we developed an electroosmotic hydraulic-based pulse haptic reproduction interface (PHRI) system that can precisely reproduce realistic haptic information of the human pulse. This PHRI system demonstrates the rapid response and precise control of electroosmotic hydraulics, achieving a frequency response of 500 Hz and an output force of 100 mN at 160 V driving voltage. Besides, time-domain and frequency-domain analyses further confirm high accuracy, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 between reproduced and actual pulses. When tested under varying pressures, the PHRI system shows a small root mean square error of <1 Pa in frequency spectra. This PHRI technology provides a robust platform for remote pulse diagnosis and advances the integration of traditional Chinese medicine with telemedicine systems.