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Toll-Like Receptor Dysregulation in The Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Zahra Kamiab1, Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi2, Fatemeh Bahrehmand3

  • 1Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.

Advanced Biomedical Research
|September 17, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3 and 9 mRNA expression increased in COVID-19 patients, suggesting their involvement in the severe inflammatory response and complications associated with the novel coronavirus infection.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Severe pro-inflammatory feedback is a key factor in COVID-19 complications.
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial in innate immunity and pathogen recognition.
  • Investigating TLR involvement in COVID-19 pathogenesis is essential for understanding disease mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 7, 8, and 9 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
  • To compare TLR mRNA expression levels between COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals.
  • To explore correlations between TLR expression and clinical characteristics of COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to quantify mRNA expression.
  • Blood samples were collected from 30 COVID-19 patients and 30 healthy controls.
  • mRNA expression levels of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • mRNA expression of TLR3 and TLR9 was significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls.
  • TLR3 mRNA expression was significantly higher in male COVID-19 patients than in female patients.
  • No significant differences in TLR mRNA expression were observed between symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients, nor were correlations found with clinicopathological data.

Conclusions:

  • TLR3 and TLR9 appear to be involved in COVID-19 infection.
  • These TLRs may contribute to the inflammatory outcomes observed in COVID-19 patients.
  • Further research into TLR modulation could offer therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
Keywords:
COVID-19inflammationinnate immunitytoll-like receptor

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