Exploring Gender Disparities in Emotional Intelligence, Leadership Access, and Career Development Among Jordanian...

Purpose: This study explored gender differences in emotional intelligence (EI), leadership access, career development, and professional development among Jordanian nurses (n = 186), aiming to identify institutional barriers affecting female nurses' leadership trajectories. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted across public, private, and military hospitals in Jordan using convenience sampling. Data were collected using validated scales for EI, career development, leadership access, and professional development. Statistical analyses included independent samples t-tests and multiple regression, with ethical approval obtained from the relevant institutional review boards. Findings: Female nurses scored significantly higher in EI (M = 84.2, SD = 4.7) than males (M = 78.5, SD = 5.1, t = -3.45, p=0.001). However, males reported greater leadership access (M = 6.2, SD = 1.8) than females (M = 5.4, SD = 2.1, p=0.034). Regression analysis showed that higher EI predicted leadership access (β = 0.450, p=0.001), yet gender remained a significant negative predictor for females (β = -0.410, p=0.030), indicating institutional barriers rather than an EI deficit. No significant gender differences were found in career development (p=0.442), and professional development scores showed only minor differences between genders without statistical significance. Discussion: Despite having higher EI, female nurses face structural challenges in accessing leadership positions. These findings underscore the need for gender-inclusive leadership pathways and organizational reforms that address systemic inequities.