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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

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Published on: December 19, 2019

Brachial Plexus Birth Injury and Gross Motor Function: A Scoping Review.

Inayah Manji¹, Sarah Gardiner², Doria Bellows³

¹From the:Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Physiotherapy Canada. Physiotherapie Canada

|September 17, 2025

Summary

Brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) can affect gross motor skills. This review found that BPBI leads to postural asymmetry, balance deficits, and gait abnormalities in children, highlighting an under-studied area.

Keywords:

balance brachial plexus coordination gait posture.

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Area of Science:

Pediatric rehabilitation
Neonatal neurology
Developmental motor disorders

Background:

Brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) affects 1.24 per 1,000 live births.
Arm function deficits are well-studied, but gross motor function impacts are less understood.
Understanding developmental effects is crucial for early intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize literature on posture, balance, coordination, and gait in children with BPBI.
To identify gaps in research regarding gross motor function in BPBI.
To inform future research and clinical practice.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive scoping review of five databases and grey literature.
Inclusion of all study types investigating gross motor function in BPBI.
Independent screening by three researchers to ensure rigorous selection.

Main Results:

16 studies met the inclusion criteria, with high average study quality (0.90/1.00).
Postural deficits in BPBI are linked to asymmetry, not scoliosis.
Children with BPBI exhibit balance deficits and gait abnormalities compared to peers.

Conclusions:

BPBI significantly impacts gross motor development, including posture, balance, and gait.
The effects of BPBI on overall motor function are under-researched.
Further research is needed to improve early intervention and physiotherapy for better outcomes.