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Related Concept Videos

Competition02:34

Competition

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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
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Ecological Niches02:02

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All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors—including food resources, climate, and terrain—that define the position of a given organism are collectively referred to as the organism’s ecological niche.
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Symbiosis00:58

Symbiosis

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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Multispecies Coexistence Emerges From Pairwise Exclusions in Communities With Competitive Hierarchy.

Zachary R Miller1, Dillon Max2

  • 1Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

Ecology Letters
|September 17, 2025
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Summary

Emergent coexistence, where species persist without pairwise survival, can occur in competitive communities. This phenomenon, driven by complex interactions, challenges traditional ecological models of biodiversity.

Keywords:
assembly rulescoexistencecommunity assemblycompetition‐colonisation trade‐offcompetitive hierarchyemergent coexistence

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Theoretical Ecology
  • Community Ecology

Background:

  • Competitive coexistence is traditionally viewed as an additive process.
  • Emergent coexistence can arise from mechanisms like intransitive loops or higher-order interactions.
  • Emergent coexistence has significant functional consequences for community assembly and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate emergent coexistence in competitive communities without intransitivity.
  • To explore the mechanisms and prevalence of emergent coexistence.
  • To improve predictions of community assembly, robustness, and biodiversity maintenance.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a simple trade-off model with pairwise, transitive competitive interactions.
  • Analyzed well-known hierarchical trade-off models.
  • Investigated emergent coexistence in random model communities.

Main Results:

  • Emergent coexistence can arise in competitive communities with only pairwise, transitive interactions.
  • Coexistence is typically emergent in hierarchical trade-off models.
  • Emergent coexistence frequently occurs without significant intransitivity in random models.

Conclusions:

  • Competitive coexistence is often emergent, not just additive.
  • Understanding emergent coexistence is crucial for predicting ecological dynamics.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms and prevalence of emergent coexistence.