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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Sound Source Localization Testing in Single-sided Deafness Following Bone Conduction Intervention
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Sound Source Localization Testing in Single-sided Deafness Following Bone Conduction Intervention

Published on: December 20, 2024

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Externalization of Virtual Sound Sources With Bone and Air Conduction Stimulation.

Jie Wang1, Huanyong Zheng1, Stefan Stenfelt2

  • 1School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.

Trends in Hearing
|September 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone conduction (BC) headphones offer sound externalization similar to air conduction (AC) headphones. Reverberation in the opposite ear significantly impacts virtual sound source perception for both AC and BC.

Keywords:
binaural room impulse responsesbone conductionexternalizationin-head localizationspatial hearing

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Psychoacoustics
  • Virtual Reality Audio

Background:

  • Research on sound source externalization traditionally emphasizes air conduction (AC).
  • Advancements in bone conduction (BC) technology necessitate investigation into BC-generated virtual sound source perception.
  • Limited research exists on the externalization of BC virtual sound sources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how reverberant sound components affect the externalization perception of BC virtual sound sources.
  • To compare externalization perception between BC with open ears (BC-open) and BC with blocked ears (BC-blocked) against AC.

Main Methods:

  • Modified Binaural Room Impulse Responses (BRIRs) by truncating or scaling reverberation energy.
  • Evaluated externalization perception across AC, BC-open, and BC-blocked conditions.
  • Conducted regression analyses correlating externalization ratings with acoustic parameters like Direct-to-Reverberant Energy Ratio (DRR).

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in externalization perception was found between AC, BC-open, and BC-blocked modalities.
  • Reverberation in the contralateral ear was the primary factor influencing externalization for both AC and BC.
  • Results were consistent across BC-open and BC-blocked conditions, ruling out air-radiated sound influence.

Conclusions:

  • Bone conduction transducers provide a comparable degree of sound source externalization to traditional air conduction headphones.
  • Reverberation, particularly in the contralateral ear, is a key determinant of virtual sound source externalization regardless of transmission mode.