Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

2.7K
Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
2.7K
Narcolepsy01:07

Narcolepsy

502
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
502
Stages of Sleep01:22

Stages of Sleep

1.3K
Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
Before sleep begins, in wakefulness, the brain exhibits primarily beta waves, which are high in frequency and low in amplitude, indicating alertness...
1.3K
Management of Insomnia01:19

Management of Insomnia

542
The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
542
Insomnia01:27

Insomnia

410
Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and waking up too early without being able to return to sleep. People with insomnia often experience these disruptions at least three nights a week for at least one month. Chronic insomnia, which lasts for at least three months, can lead to increased anxiety, which in turn can worsen sleep difficulties, creating a cycle of sleeplessness and stress.
Multiple factors contribute...
410
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

1.4K
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) - induced case of catathrenia.

Sleep medicine·2026
Same author

Nightmare disorder shows reduced slow oscillation-dominant spindle coupling in NREM sleep.

Npj biological timing and sleep·2026
Same author

Machine learning to diagnose, classify and predict phenoconversion in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder.

Sleep medicine reviews·2026
Same author

A New Branch on a Deep-Rooted Tree.

Journal of sleep research·2026
Same author

Peripheral inflammation is associated with reduced influx of TSPO PET tracers into the brain: insights from a non-invasive mapping methodology.

Brain, behavior, and immunity·2026
Same author

Network-based disease fingerprinting with neuroinflammation PET imaging.

Journal of neuroinflammation·2026
Same journal

Modulating corticospinal excitability with transcranial ultrasound stimulation: meta-analytic evidence of online and offline effects.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Fast oscillations as useful biomarkers of the degree of epileptogenicity in each generalized epilepsy syndrome.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Neuropsychological, biological, and electrophysiological outcomes of gamma-tACS in MCI-AD: A case series.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Enhanced broad-band intermuscular coherence in myoclonus: a targeted characterization study.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Perturbing the vestibular cortex with transcranial oscillatory currents uncovers early postural alterations in Parkinson's disease.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

F-waves in primary lateral sclerosis: a window into spinal motoneuron hyperexcitability.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments
08:36

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

Published on: August 8, 2019

12.6K

Phasic events, cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) and sleep disorders.

Liborio Parrino1, Giulia Balella1, Dario Bottignole1

  • 1"Mario Giovanni Terzano" Sleep Disorders Center, University of Parma, Italy.

Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
|September 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) organizes sleep events during NREM sleep, maintaining brain control and balance. CAP alterations are significant in sleep pathologies and influence cognitive functions.

Keywords:
CriticalityCyclic alternating patternPhasic eventsSleep

More Related Videos

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
10:56

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

10.5K
A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice
06:23

A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice

Published on: September 22, 2020

6.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments
08:36

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

Published on: August 8, 2019

12.6K
Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
10:56

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

10.5K
A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice
06:23

A Chronic Sleep Fragmentation Model using Vibrating Orbital Rotor to Induce Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Young Wild-Type Mice

Published on: September 22, 2020

6.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Sleep is characterized by distinct phasic events across different stages.
  • Arousal-related events aggregate into Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) during NREM sleep.
  • CAP represents a state of criticality, balancing internal order and external chaos.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the functional properties and clinical applications of CAP in sleep.
  • To investigate the role of CAP in sleep pathologies and cognitive processes.
  • To examine the interaction between locus coeruleus activity and CAP dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of phasic events during NREM sleep.
  • Observation of CAP aggregation and its relationship with arousal.
  • Examination of locus coeruleus (LC) infra-slow oscillatory activity during NREM sleep.

Main Results:

  • CAP sequences regulate sleep continuity and responsiveness to stimuli.
  • CAP exhibits specific alterations in various sleep pathologies.
  • LC activity shows periodicity overlapping with CAP, suggesting functional interaction.

Conclusions:

  • CAP plays a crucial role in regulating NREM sleep oscillations and continuity.
  • CAP alterations are clinically relevant in diagnosing and understanding sleep disorders.
  • The interaction between noradrenergic rhythms and CAP dynamics influences sleep regulation.