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Related Concept Videos

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Thermodynamic Systems01:06

Thermodynamic Systems

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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of  tea boiling in a kettle. The...
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Thermodynamic Potentials01:26

Thermodynamic Potentials

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Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
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Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred...
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Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview01:06

Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview

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Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current...
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Thermodynamics: Chemical Potential and Activity01:10

Thermodynamics: Chemical Potential and Activity

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The effective concentration of a species in a solution can be expressed precisely in terms of its activity. Activity considers the effect of electrolytes present in the vicinity of the species of interest and depends on the ionic strength of the solution. The activity of a species is expressed as the product of molar concentration and the activity coefficient of the species.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device
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An exergy-guided thermodynamic framework for the optimization of electro-membrane-based coupled process.

Ruochen Shen1, Yawei Du2, Lurong Wang1

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 5340, Xiping Road, Beichen District, Tianjin 300401, China.

Water Research
|September 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new method to diagnose energy losses in complex water treatment systems like bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED). It precisely identifies transport and chemical reaction inefficiencies for targeted optimization.

Keywords:
Bipolar membrane electrodialysisCarbon capture and utilization (CCU)Electro-membraneExergy analysisMathematical modeling

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Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor
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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemical Engineering
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Environmental Engineering

Background:

  • Electrically driven membrane processes are vital for water treatment but optimizing coupled systems with transport and reactions is challenging.
  • Existing models struggle to pinpoint specific energy loss sources in complex electrochemical systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel diagnostic framework integrating transmembrane ionic exergy analysis and reaction network exergy accounting.
  • To explicitly quantify thermodynamic irreversibility in complex coupled systems.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a framework combining ionic exergy analysis with multiphase reaction network exergy accounting.
  • Applied the framework to a bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) system for flue gas treatment.
  • Quantified transport-related (proton leakage) and chemistry-related (reaction network) energy losses.

Main Results:

  • Identified and quantified proton leakage across the anion exchange membrane as a key transport loss.
  • Quantified the inherent irreversibility of the gas-liquid-solid reaction chain as a dominant chemistry loss.
  • The framework successfully predicted operational trends and identified an optimal operating region.

Conclusions:

  • The novel exergy-guided framework effectively deconvolutes energy losses in complex electrochemical systems.
  • Pinpointing specific bottlenecks enables targeted optimization for improved efficiency.
  • This adaptable approach offers a powerful tool for analyzing and optimizing diverse electrochemical systems.