Enhancing T cell infiltration in glioblastoma: a review article on challenges and therapeutic strategies

This review focuses on enhancing T-cell infiltration in glioblastoma (GBM) while overcoming its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Key strategies include targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to reduce immunosuppression and repolarizing tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) from an M2 (immunosuppressive) phenotype to an M1 (proinflammatory) phenotype to increase T-cell function. Administering chemokines can help attract more effector T cells to the tumor site. Combining immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with other treatments can further increase T cell activity. To make immunotherapy more effective in GBM, it is also essential to address the immunosuppressive signals in the TME, such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10).