Navigating the Path to Surgery: A Systematic Review of Early Surgical Exposure Programs for Preclerkship Medical...

To review the structure, outcomes, and impact of early surgical exposure programs for preclerkship medical students in North America, and to evaluate their role in influencing specialty choice, surgical skill development, and professional engagement.

Systematic review conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, with a preregistered protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42024588099). Data were synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes.

Studies were conducted primarily at single institutions across the United States and Canada, typically within academic medical centers offering undergraduate medical education.

Fourteen studies met inclusion criteria, comprising preclerkship medical students enrolled in accredited North American medical schools. Inclusion required programs to be at least 2 days in duration and contain a minimum of 2 educational components (e.g., mentorship, operating room shadowing, procedural skills training, or simulation).

Participation in early surgical exposure programs was associated with increased interest in surgical careers (8/12 studies), improved perceptions of surgery, and greater preparedness and performance during surgical clerkships. Mentorship emerged as a key factor influencing professional engagement. Technical competence and confidence improved across multiple surgical skills (e.g., suturing, knot-tying, OR familiarity). Students consistently reported high satisfaction with the early surgical exposure programs, especially when engaged in hands-on activities.

Early surgical exposure programs offer educational and professional benefits, including enhanced surgical interest, skill development, and mentorship. These findings support broader integration of such programs into undergraduate curricula to inform career decision-making and address workforce needs in surgery.