Innovative nanosensors for the detection of oral cancer biomarkers

The early detection of oral cancer is crucial for improving patient outcomes and survival rates, as the disease often progresses silently and is diagnosed at advanced stages. Oral cancer, which includes cancers of the lips, tongue, and other parts of the oral cavity, has a global incidence of over 300,000 cases annually, with a significant mortality rate. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of biosensor nanomaterials-based methods for detecting oral cancer biomarkers, which are critical in tumorigenesis and disease progression. We explore various nanomaterials, including gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide, highlighting their unique properties that enhance sensitivity and specificity in biomarker detection. The integration of these nanomaterials into biosensor platforms-such as electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric sensors-is discussed, highlighting their potential for rapid and sensitive detection, essential for timely intervention and improved patient management. The challenges and future directions in applying nanomaterials for oral cancer biomarker detection are discussed, highlighting the necessity for further research to translate these technologies into clinical practice. This review seeks to provide insights into the promising role of biosensor nanomaterials in transforming oral cancer diagnostics and ultimately improving patient care.