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Active Filtering: A Predictive Function of Recurrent Circuits of Sensory Cortex.

Mark H Histed¹

¹National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;

Annual Review of Vision Science

|September 17, 2025

Summary

The brain stores sensory memories in the cerebral cortex. Local recurrent connections in sensory cortex act as a substrate for these memories through active filtering.

Keywords:

cortex memory predictive processing recurrent network sensation vision

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science

Background:

The brain encodes sensory information into memories, enabling recognition of sounds, language, and faces.
The storage location of these sensory memories within the brain remains a key question.

Purpose of the Study:

To present evidence supporting the theory that cortical recurrent connectivity in the sensory cortex serves as the substrate for sensory memories.
To explore the mechanism by which these memories are encoded and stored.

Main Methods:

Review of existing evidence on cortical recurrent connectivity.
Analysis of the role of local recurrent networks in sensory processing.

Main Results:

Cortical recurrent connectivity, characterized by a high density of synapses, is proposed as the physical basis for sensory memory.
Local recurrent networks in the sensory cortex encode the structure of natural sensory input.
This encoding is achieved through an active filtering mechanism.

Conclusions:

The local recurrent network in the sensory cortex functions as a substrate for sensory memories.
Active filtering by these networks selectively amplifies or attenuates input patterns, representing a form of predictive processing and memory encoding.