Nanoformulations in epilepsy therapy - a systematic review of emerging strategies in status epilepticus

Status epilepticus (SE) presents a life-threatening medical emergency condition characterized by prolonged seizures, leading to severe neuronal damage, morbidity and mortality, if not promptly treated. Immediate intervention is crucial, yet current anti-seizure medications (ASM) face limitations such as adverse effects otherwise in need of invasive administration routes such as intravenous ASMs. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems offer a promising approach to overcoming these challenges by enhancing drug solubility, stability, and brain bioavailability. This systematic review examines recent advancements in nanoformulations of ASMs for SE management. Through a comprehensive search and analysis of the literature, 12 relevant studies were identified, highlighting various nanoparticle types, formulation methods, and pharmacokinetic parameters. ASM nanoparticles exhibit favourable characteristics for drug delivery, including small size, high surface area, and tuneable physicochemical properties. These properties enable efficient drug transport across biological barriers, precise targeting, and controlled release, ultimately improving drug efficacy and reducing side effects. With an optimized release profile and non-invasive route such as intranasal administration, nano-formulated ASMs offer promising immediate therapeutic strategy for SE therapy. However, further research is warranted to optimize nano-formulation parameters, assess long-term safety, and validate clinical efficacy. Overall, nanoparticle-based ASM delivery holds great potential for revolutionizing SE treatment, offering hope for improved patient outcomes and quality of life.