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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Mechanical Stimulation of Chondrocyte-agarose Hydrogels
12:45

Mechanical Stimulation of Chondrocyte-agarose Hydrogels

Published on: October 27, 2012

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Mechano-Iontronic Hydrogels Generating Biomimetic Endogenous Bioelectricity for Promoting Cartilage Regeneration.

Longwei Li1, Zheng Li2,3, Muxin Yue2,4

  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of High-Entropy Energy Materials and Devices, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|September 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A novel mechano-iontronic hydrogel (MI-hydrogel) mimics natural cartilage bioelectricity to promote articular cartilage repair. This biomaterial enhances stem cell differentiation and accelerates regeneration by activating Piezo1 and reprogramming metabolism.

Keywords:
cartilage repairendogenous bioelectricitymechano‐iontronic effectmetabolic reprogramming

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Bioelectricity

Background:

  • Articular cartilage regeneration is challenging due to its avascular and aneural properties.
  • Existing treatments often fail to replicate natural cartilage's endogenous iontronic bioelectricity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a biomimetic mechano-iontronic hydrogel (MI-hydrogel) for enhanced cartilage repair.
  • To investigate the mechanism of MI-hydrogel in promoting chondrogenesis and tissue regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Designed and fabricated an implantable MI-hydrogel that generates electricity upon deformation.
  • Investigated the synergistic effects of iontronic electricity and mechanical stimulation on Piezo1 activation.
  • Evaluated chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells in vitro and cartilage repair in vivo.
  • Analyzed metabolic reprogramming, specifically glutamine metabolism, in the cartilage microenvironment.

Main Results:

  • The MI-hydrogel successfully mimicked natural cartilage's iontronic bioelectricity.
  • Synergistic stimulation activated the Piezo1 ion channel, promoting stem cell chondrogenesis in vitro.
  • The hydrogel facilitated significant cartilage repair in vivo.
  • Coupled effects reprogrammed cellular metabolism, enhancing glutamine metabolism and accelerating regeneration.

Conclusions:

  • The MI-hydrogel represents a promising therapeutic platform for articular cartilage repair.
  • This study introduces a novel mechanism for tissue regeneration via biomimetic iontronic bioelectricity.
  • The findings open new avenues for regenerative medicine strategies.