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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers
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Dimercury(I)-Induced Stable G-Quadruplex Based Supramolecular Polymers and Gels Outperforming Conventional G4 K.

Indrajit Mohanta1, Chandrakanta Guchhait1, Nihar Sahu1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|September 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

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Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025

Mercurous ions form highly stable G-quadruplex supramolecular polymers (SPs) in water, creating self-healing hydrogels. These mercury-stabilized G-quadruplexes offer insights into mercury

Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Biophysical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Guanosine (G) forms G-quartets, stabilized by potassium ions (K+).
  • Non-canonical DNA structures like G-quadruplexes are crucial in biological processes.
  • Understanding metal ion interactions with nucleic acids is vital for biological and toxicological studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation and stability of G-quadruplexes stabilized by mercurous ions (Hg2 2+).
  • To explore the self-assembly mechanism and properties of resulting supramolecular polymers (SPs).
  • To compare the stability and responsiveness of Hg2 2+-G-quadruplexes with K+-stabilized ones.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of G-quadruplex supramolecular polymers (SPs) using mercurous ions.
Keywords:
DFTG‐quadruplexesdimercury(I)gelsself‐assemblysupramolecular polymers

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  • Isodesmic mechanism analysis for self-assembly.
  • Computational methods to determine binding energies.
  • Investigation of hydrogel properties, including thermo-reversibility and self-healing.
  • Anion responsiveness studies.

    • Main Results:

    • Mercurous ions (Hg2 2+) form significantly more stable G-quadruplexes (G8·Hg2 2+) than K+.
    • G8·Hg2 2+ self-assembles into stable, thermo-reversible, self-healing supramolecular polymers (SPs) via J-type stacking.
    • Enhanced stability is attributed to the covalent Hg+-Hg+ bond within the G-quadruplex structure.
    • These SPs exhibit unique anion responsiveness, unlike K+-stabilized G-quadruplexes.
    • Dimeric assemblies are formed at higher Hg+ ratios, and Hg2+ also supports dimeric complexation.

    Conclusions:

    • Mercurous ions efficiently promote the formation of highly stable G-quadruplex supramolecular polymers.
    • The covalent Hg+-Hg+ bond is key to the enhanced stability of these structures.
    • Hg-G-quadruplex SPs display tunable properties, including anion responsiveness.
    • Hg ions (I/II) exhibit strong binding affinity for guanosine, potentially explaining mercury's genotoxicity.