Deciphering the Role of Long Non-coding RNAs in Neural Differentiation and Reprogramming

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of neural differentiation and neurological diseases. Abundantly expressed in the central nervous system, lncRNAs play crucial roles in neural development by modulating transcriptional, epigenetic, and post-transcriptional processes. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding how lncRNAs regulate the differentiation of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells and neural stem cells, by interacting with transcription factors, chromatin regulators, and microRNAs. LncRNAs influence neurogenesis by determining the fate of neural progenitors, controlling the timing of differentiation, and balancing self-renewal. In addition to their role in neural differentiation, lncRNAs also play critical roles in various neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and glioblastoma, where their dysregulation contributes to neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and tumor progression. These findings highlight the potential of lncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for neurological disorders. Despite challenges in delivery and functional characterization, targeting disease-associated lncRNAs offers promise for regenerative medicine and precision treatments. A deeper understanding of lncRNA-mediated regulatory networks could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative and neuro-oncological diseases.