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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
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Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels Among Participants Receiving Annual Testing.

Nicholas A Pickersgill1, Maria M Peré1, Emily A Vertosick2

  • 1Department of Surgery (Urology Service), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.

JAMA Oncology
|September 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repeating prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests shows significant variability. Many elevated PSA levels decrease the following year, supporting repeat testing before further prostate cancer workup.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is crucial for prostate cancer screening.
  • Guideline-recommended repeat PSA testing is part of the prebiopsy workup for elevated levels.
  • Exempting certain patients from repeat PSA testing requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze yearly PSA variability in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial.
  • To determine the implications of repeating elevated PSA measurements.
  • To identify potential candidates for direct further workup without repeat PSA testing.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of data from the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial (1995-2006).
  • Inclusion of men aged 54-75 years with annual PSA testing and no prior prostate cancer diagnosis.
  • Primary outcome: proportion of elevated PSA measurements decreasing below biopsy thresholds (2.5, 3.0, 4.0 ng/mL) at subsequent yearly tests.

Main Results:

  • Significant intra-individual PSA variability was observed.
  • 22% of PSA measurements ≥2.5 ng/mL decreased below the threshold the following year.
  • 54% of men with at least one PSA ≥2.5 ng/mL had a subsequent level below this threshold.

Conclusions:

  • Guideline recommendations for repeat PSA testing are supported by observed PSA variability.
  • Patients with persistently elevated PSA levels may be candidates for direct further evaluation.
  • Repeat PSA testing remains valuable for most patients before prostate cancer diagnostic evaluation.