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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
IBS is a chronic condition that can persist over a long period or recur frequently.
The pathogenesis of IBS involves a complex interplay of the following factors:
Altered...
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Related Experiment Video

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Inflammatory modalities shape the IgA repertoire via stochastic processes.

Christian Melcher1, Chaim A Schramm2, Laura Kampe1

  • 1Inflammation Research Group, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Central Laboratory, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.

Cell Reports
|September 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

During intestinal inflammation, IgA plasma cells expand, but most induced IgA doesn't target gut microbes. This expansion involves random B cell selection, potentially impacting disease with unknown consequences.

Keywords:
CP: ImmunologyIgAinflammatory bowel diseasemicrobiotamucosal B cell immunity

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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Intestinal mucosal immunity depends on immunoglobulin A (IgA).
  • Homeostatic IgA levels are abundant in the gut.
  • Inflammation can further amplify IgA production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the inducible B cell response during intestinal inflammation (colitis).
  • To analyze the properties of IgA produced by adaptive and innate B cell subsets during inflammation.
  • To investigate the specificity and reactivity of inflammation-induced IgA.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of B cell responses during experimental colitis.
  • Analysis of IgA production by adaptive and innate B cell subsets.
  • Assessment of IgA specificity, affinity maturation, and cross-reactivity.

Main Results:

  • Massive clonal expansion of specific B cell lineages occurred during colitis, amplifying IgA plasma cells.
  • Inflammation-induced IgA showed Fab-dependent recognition of commensal taxa and cross-reactivity to autoantigens.
  • The majority of inflammation-induced IgA was non-reactive to microbiota, arising from germline-encoded bystander B cells.
  • Significant, unpredictable variation in microbiota- and auto-reactive IgA prevalence was observed among individual mice.

Conclusions:

  • While mucosal B cells can produce microbiota-targeting IgA, inflammation drives expansion of non-specific IgA-producing B cells.
  • Stochastic selection of B cell lineages in the inflammatory environment leads to unpredictable IgA reactivity.
  • This random B cell selection during inflammation may have unforeseen pathophysiological consequences.