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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroimaging
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Ultrasound Technology

    Background:

    • Transcranial ultrasound localization microscopy (t-ULM) is hindered by skull-induced image degradation, limiting its clinical and research use.
    • Nonhuman primate (NHP) models offer human-like cranial structures, making them ideal for advancing t-ULM.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a systematic pipeline for high-resolution t-ULM in NHP models.
    • To overcome challenges associated with skull penetration and image quality in NHP neuroimaging.

    Main Methods:

    • Implemented a pipeline using low-frequency diverging wave emission and phase aberration correction.
    • Optimized microbubble (MB) detection equalization, contrast agent strategies, and imaging plane selection.
    • Utilized a 2.23 MHz emission frequency for imaging.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved optimal spatial resolutions of 93 $\mu $ m (coronal) and 105 $\mu $ m (sagittal).
    • Maintained a 5-8 cm penetration depth and 6 cm lateral field of view.
    • Provided hemodynamic mapping with a dynamic range up to 40 cm/s at a 1000 Hz frame rate.

    Conclusions:

    • Validated the feasibility of t-ULM in NHP models.
    • Established essential tools and references for future neuroscience applications of t-ULM.
    • Demonstrated the potential for high-resolution, deep-tissue neurovascular imaging in primate models.