Emerging Omic-derived biomarkers for early diagnosis of non-small cell lung Cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common subtype of lung cancer, exhibits diverse pathological features and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Although early diagnosis is crucial to improving the prognosis, current biomarkers fall short of this important need. Over the past decade, multi-omic approaches, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have emerged as powerful tools for identifying diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in various pathophysiologic states. By enabling the multidimensional analysis of tumor-associated alterations in genes, transcripts, proteins, post-translational modifications, and metabolites, multi-omic strategies have become vital for biomarker discovery. This review synthesizes the recent advances in NSCLC diagnostic biomarker research using multi-omic methodologies, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for personalized therapeutic intervention.