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Phase I biotransformation, or functionalization, is a crucial chemical process that converts drugs and other xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating expulsion from the body. It involves oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions that add or unveil polar functional groups on lipophilic substrates. Key players in phase I reactions are the mixed-function oxidases. Situated in liver cell microsomes, these enzymes predominantly carry out drug metabolism. They require molecular...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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Synergistic Ruthenium-Doped Amorphous IrOx Matrix for Robust Oxygen Evolution.

Jiandong Hu1, Yangfan Liu1, Yanlin Jia1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|September 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ruthenium-doped amorphous iridium oxide nanosheets enhance oxygen evolution reaction catalysis. This synergistic doping strategy improves activity and stability, surpassing commercial catalysts.

Keywords:
AEM mechanismRu-doped IrOx nanosheetsacidic oxygen evolution reactionelectrocatalystelectronic structure engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Iridium oxides (IrOₓ) are key catalysts for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER).
  • Their performance is limited by a trade-off between catalytic activity and long-term stability.
  • Developing stable and active OER catalysts is crucial for energy applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the catalytic activity and stability of iridium oxides for the oxygen evolution reaction.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of ruthenium doping in an amorphous iridium oxide matrix.
  • To overcome the intrinsic performance limitations of iridium-based oxides.

Main Methods:

  • Nitrate-assisted synthesis of ultrathin Ru-doped amorphous IrOₓ nanosheets.
  • Spectroscopic analysis (e.g., XPS, XAS) to characterize material properties.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to understand electronic structure and reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Ultrathin (2.36 nm) Ru-doped amorphous IrOₓ nanosheets with high surface area were synthesized.
  • Atomically dispersed Ru dopants optimized the Ir d-band electronic structure via charge transfer.
  • The optimized catalyst (Ru₀.₀₇₃₈-IrOₓ) achieved 10 mA cm⁻² at 225 mV overpotential with >100 h stability.
  • The mechanism shifted to the stable adsorbate evolution pathway, suppressing degradation.

Conclusions:

  • Synergistic doping of amorphous IrOₓ with Ru offers a promising strategy for advanced OER catalysts.
  • The optimized catalyst significantly outperforms commercial IrO₂ and RuO₂.
  • This approach provides a pathway to overcome stability-activity trade-offs in iridium-based OER catalysts.