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Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

26.3K
In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Weak Acid Solutions04:02

Weak Acid Solutions

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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Anion Coordination Regulation with LiNO3 Additive for High-Rate Low-Temperature Lithium Metal Batteries.

Yutao Liu1,2, Song Gao1, Wei Lü1,3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|September 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel electrolyte for lithium metal batteries that improves performance in cold temperatures. This new electrolyte enhances lithium-ion transport and stability, enabling longer cycle life and better capacity retention in sub-zero conditions.

Keywords:
Anion receptorLithium metal batteryLithium nitrate additiveLow-temperature resistanceSolvation structure

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Low temperatures hinder lithium metal battery performance by freezing electrolytes, increasing ion migration barriers, and causing unstable solid electrolyte interphases (SEI).
  • These issues lead to reduced efficiency, capacity fade, and lithium dendrite formation, limiting battery operation in cold environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel electrolyte formulation for lithium metal batteries that ensures stable and efficient performance at low temperatures (-30 to 25 °C).
  • To investigate the mechanism of enhanced ion transport and SEI formation in the new electrolyte system.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a new electrolyte using lithium nitrate as an additive with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and lithium hexafluorophosphate as primary salts.
  • Electrochemical testing of Li||Li and Li||NCM811 cells under various temperature conditions (-30 to 25 °C) and C-rates.
  • Analysis of Li+ transport, desolvation kinetics, SEI composition, and Li deposition morphology.

Main Results:

  • The novel electrolyte exhibits Li+-NO3- coordination, weakening Li+-solvent binding and promoting anion penetration for enhanced Li+ diffusion and desolvation.
  • A multianion-dominated structure facilitates the formation of an inorganic-rich SEI layer, promoting homogeneous lithium deposition.
  • Li||Li cells demonstrated over 2000 hours of stability between -30 to 25 °C. Li||NCM811 cells showed excellent rate capability at 25 °C and 92.4% capacity retention after 400 cycles at -30 °C.

Conclusions:

  • The developed electrolyte significantly enhances lithium metal battery performance in low-temperature environments.
  • The electrolyte design strategy offers a promising pathway for achieving stable and high-performance batteries for cryogenic applications.