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Non-Invasive Estimation of Arterial Stiffness Using Photoplethysmography Sensors: An In Vitro Approach.

Gianluca Diana1, Francesco Scardulla1, Silvia Puleo1

  • 1Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Photoplethysmography sensors can accurately estimate arterial stiffness, a key indicator of cardiovascular disease risk. Optimal sensor placement at 15 cm proved effective for monitoring vascular mechanical properties.

Keywords:
Young’s modulusarterial stiffnessexperimental setupoptical sensorsphotoplethysmography (PPG)pulse wave velocity

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Arterial stiffness increases with age, a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of global mortality.
  • Early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of arterial stiffness are crucial for cardiovascular disease prevention.
  • Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive, low-cost technology for measuring blood volume changes, showing promise for assessing arterial stiffness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of photoplethysmography sensors in assessing arterial stiffness using an in vitro cardiovascular simulation.
  • To determine the optimal configuration of PPG sensors for accurate arterial stiffness measurement.
  • To enhance the application of PPG for monitoring blood vessel mechanical properties and preventing cardiovascular diseases.

Main Methods:

  • An in vitro experimental setup simulated cardiovascular conditions with controlled velocity and pressure.
  • Silicone phantom models with varying geometric and mechanical properties were used to represent blood vessels.
  • Pulse wave velocity (PWV), a reference method for arterial stiffness, was measured using PPG sensors and correlated with the Moens-Korteweg equation.
  • PPG sensors were tested at three different distances (specifically 15 cm) to find the optimal configuration.

Main Results:

  • PPG sensors demonstrated satisfactory accuracy in estimating arterial stiffness, particularly for softer vascular models at a 15 cm sensor distance.
  • Measurement variability and standard deviation increased with increasing model stiffness, indicating reduced accuracy for stiffer vessels.
  • The study identified an optimal sensor configuration for effective arterial stiffness assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Photoplethysmography offers a viable, non-invasive method for estimating arterial stiffness.
  • Optimizing PPG sensor placement, such as at 15 cm, enhances its accuracy in monitoring vascular mechanical properties.
  • This technology holds potential for early detection and continuous monitoring of cardiovascular disease risk factors.