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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

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Tunable superconducting diode effect in a topological nano-SQUID.

Ella Nikodem¹, Jakob Schluck¹, Max Geier²

¹Physics Institute II, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany.

Science Advances

|September 19, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed a tunable Josephson diode using topological-insulator nanowires. This device exhibits a large, controllable diode effect, paving the way for advanced superconducting electronics.

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Quantum Electronics

Background:

Josephson diodes exhibit one-way current flow without resistance, but achieving large, tunable effects has been challenging.
Existing platforms for Josephson diodes have limitations in performance and controllability.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer a novel device exhibiting a large and tunable Josephson diode effect.
To investigate the underlying physics of this diode effect in a topological insulator system.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a lateral Josephson junction using a topological-insulator (TI) nanowire side-contacted by superconductors.
Application of a parallel magnetic field and back-gate voltage to tune the diode properties.
Modeling the system as a nano-superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) to explain the observed effects.

Main Results:

A large Josephson diode effect with efficiency reaching 0.3 was achieved in the TI nanowire device.
The diode's magnitude and sign were tunable via magnetic field and back-gate voltage.
The observed effect was modeled successfully as a SQUID, indicating topological superconductivity.

Conclusions:

The developed TI nanowire Josephson junction demonstrates a significant and tunable Josephson diode effect.
The findings suggest the emergence of topological superconductivity in these systems.
This work opens new avenues for superconducting electronics and quantum devices.