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Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...

X and Y Chromosomes

X and Y Chromosomes

Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...

Karyotyping

Karyotyping

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers. Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis. Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome 45XO Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Turner Syndrome 45XO Fetal Cells for Downstream Modelling of Neurological Deficits Associated with the Syndrome

Published on: December 4, 2021

Approach to the Patient With Turner Syndrome.

Helen E Turner¹, Emma B Johannsen², Arlene Smyth³

¹Department of Endocrinology, OCDEM, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

|September 19, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Turner syndrome, a condition of partial or complete loss of the second sex chromosome, affects 1 in 2000 female births. Early diagnosis and management, including hormone therapy, are crucial for improving health outcomes and reducing associated morbidities.

Area of Science:

Genetics and Endocrinology
Reproductive Health
Pediatric Endocrinology

Background:

Keywords:

Turner Syndrome aortic dilatation autoimmunity ovarian insufficiency puberty

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Turner syndrome is a genetic condition resulting from partial or complete loss of the second sex chromosome (X chromosome).
It affects approximately 1 in 2000 to 1 in 2500 live female births.
Key features include short stature and ovarian dysgenesis, leading to delayed puberty and infertility in most individuals.