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Factors Associated with Cognitive Performance in Post-COVID Condition: a Multivariate Analysis.

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Summary

Cognitive dysfunction in post-COVID condition (PCC) is influenced by hospitalization, age, sex, and comorbidities like fatigue and depression. These factors interact, impacting attention, memory, and executive functions differently based on disease severity and wave of infection.

Keywords:
Cognitive functionDepressionFatiguePost-COVID conditionSARS-CoV-2

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Medicine
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Cognitive dysfunction, or "brain fog," is a common and persistent symptom of post-COVID condition (PCC).
  • The specific factors contributing to cognitive impairment in PCC are not fully understood, necessitating further investigation into clinical, demographic, and comorbidity influences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of clinical variables (disease severity, time since onset, infection waves, reinfections), demographic factors (age, education, sex), and comorbidities (fatigue, depression) on cognitive performance in individuals with PCC.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological evaluation was conducted on 236 patients with PCC and 148 controls.
  • 18 tests from standardized and computerized batteries assessed cognitive functions, including attention, memory, and executive functions.
  • Linear models were employed to analyze the effects and interactions of various factors on cognitive outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Hospitalization during acute COVID-19 significantly affected attention, memory, and executive functions. Older hospitalized patients showed better cognitive performance than younger ones.
  • Fatigue and depression were significant covariates, with their impact on cognition varying based on hospitalization status and wave of infection.
  • While sex influenced attentional tests, reinfections and time since onset did not show significant associations with cognitive performance.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive performance in PCC is multifactorial, with complex interactions between clinical, demographic, and comorbidity factors.
  • Hospitalization, fatigue, depression, age, sex, and infection wave are key determinants of cognitive outcomes in PCC.
  • Understanding these contributing factors is crucial for future research into the pathophysiology and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in PCC.