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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics BM-PROMA
Published on: August 28, 2021
Potential underlying mechanisms of spatial-mathematical associations among primary school children
Elaine Tang1, Terry Tin-Yau Wong2
1Anglican (Hong Kong) Primary Schools Council Limited, Hong Kong, China; Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Abstract:
The present study examined the roles of different spatial skills in mathematical outcomes and the potential underlying mechanisms among primary children. A sample of 348 Grade 3 and 4 students were assessed on different spatial skills and mathematics outcomes, alongside with other potential confounding factors such as working memory and vocabulary. Results suggested that spatial scaling and mental rotation uniquely predicted mathematics achievement. The link between spatial scaling and mathematics achievement was serially mediated by proportional reasoning, whole number line estimation, and fraction number line estimation, while that between mental rotation and mathematics achievement was mediated by missing term problems. The results shed light on the potential underlying mechanisms involved in the relationships between different spatial skills and mathematics outcomes and provides insights into the development of intervention strategies.
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