Integrated approaches for managing soil salinization: Detection, mitigation, and sustainability

Soil salinization poses significant challenges to agricultural productivity and ecological health, exacerbated by climate change and improper land management. Addressing this issue necessitates monitoring and mitigation strategies. However, the limitations of small-scale studies highlight the need for larger-scale research. The integration of satellite, drone, and remote sensing technologies with geographic information systems provides an approach for monitoring and assessing salinity across extensive areas. Furthermore, coupling these technologies with machine learning algorithms enables dynamic monitoring and predictive modeling of soil salinization trends. Salinity stress negatively impacts plant growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient acquisition, leading to reduced crop yields. Mitigation strategies include the application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) and optimized irrigation practices, such as deficit drip irrigation (DDI) with saline water (SW) and alternate fresh/saline water irrigation, which are essential for enhancing yields under saline conditions. Nevertheless, SW irrigation requires careful management to prevent salt accumulation. These practices enhance yield stability while minimizing salt accumulation. Soil remediation strategies, including improved drainage systems, chemical amendments, phytoremediation using salt-tolerant plants or halophytes, and the development of salt-tolerant crop varieties through genetic engineering, are crucial for managing saline-alkali soils. This review demonstrates that an integrated approach combining advanced detection technologies, optimized agricultural management (fertilization and irrigation), and comprehensive remediation techniques can significantly mitigate the impacts of soil salinization, improve soil health, and sustain agricultural productivity in affected regions.