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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Overview of Exosomes01:36

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Isolation and Characterization of RNA-Containing Exosomes
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Published on: January 9, 2012

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Exosome-primed T cell immunity is facilitated by complement activation.

Sara Alibrandi1, Angela Clemens1, Yansui Li1

  • 1Translational Transplant Research Center and Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
|September 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complement opsonization of extracellular vesicles (EVs) enhances their binding to dendritic cells (DCs), promoting T cell responses and graft rejection. Inhibiting complement can mitigate these effects, revealing a new link between complement and EV immunity.

Keywords:
T cellalloantigen presentationcomplementexosomesextracellular vesicles

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In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Transplantation Science

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication and modulate adaptive immunity.
  • Donor EVs expressing major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) can prime antidonor T cell responses post-transplantation.
  • Mechanisms of EV binding to dendritic cells (DCs) are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of complement system in EV binding to DCs.
  • To elucidate the impact of complement-opsonized EVs on T cell immunity and graft rejection.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated complement opsonization of graft-released EVs.
  • Assessed EV binding to recipient DCs in a CD11c-dependent manner.
  • Evaluated the effect of pharmacologic complement inhibition on T cell responses and graft rejection.

Main Results:

  • Complement opsonization significantly augments the binding of graft-released EVs to recipient DCs.
  • Enhanced EV-mediated donor antigen delivery promotes antidonor T cell responses.
  • Pharmacologic inhibition of complement activation mitigates EV-induced T cell responses and graft rejection.

Conclusions:

  • Complement activation represents a novel mechanism linking EVs to T cell immunity.
  • Complement opsonization of EVs enhances their immunogenicity and contributes to graft rejection.
  • Targeting complement activation may offer therapeutic strategies to improve transplant outcomes.