From sea to supplement: Algal protein extraction methods and functional benefits

The growing emphasis on sustainable production and nutrient-rich food alternatives has gained significant research and market interest in novel protein sources and bioactive compounds. This global shift not only supports food security but also aligns with strategies to minimize the environmental impact of food systems. Among the emerging alternatives, algal proteins have gathered considerable attention owing to their high protein yield and complete essential amino acid profile. Their superior protein quality and extractability position algae as a highly promising candidate for next-generation protein sources. Recent breakthroughs in extraction and hydrolysis technologies have further advanced the extractability of bioactive peptides from algal biomass. These peptides demonstrate a wide spectrum of health-promoting properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antihypertensive effects. Additionally, algae cultivation is highly sustainable, requiring minimal land, water, and resources, thereby offering a low environmental footprint compared to traditional protein sources. This review presents an overview of current advancements in algal protein extraction and peptide hydrolysis techniques, emphasizing their growing potential in the development of functional ingredients for food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. The integration of these bioactive-rich peptides into future food systems represents a strategic step towards sustainable nutrition and health.