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Related Experiment Video

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Green and Low-cost Production of Thermally Stable and Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibrils Using Highly Recyclable Dicarboxylic Acids
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Eco-design of cellulose nanocrystals through ESCAPE method at lab-scale.

Gloria Nicastro1, Ario Fahimi2, Alain Dufresne3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Luigi Mancinelli 7, Milano, Italy.

Carbohydrate Polymers
|September 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new deep eutectic solvent (DES) process for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) production is more sustainable than the standard sulfuric acid method. This greener approach offers reduced purification time and higher mass recovery for eco-designed materials.

Keywords:
Cellulose nanocrystalsDeep eutectic solventEco-designNanocelluloseSustainable productionTap water

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are typically produced via top-down methods, involving the breakdown of cellulose's hierarchical structure.
  • Conventional CNC production relies on harsh acidic treatments, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), raising environmental concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the sustainability of a novel deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based CNC production method against the standard sulfuric acid (H2SO4) process.
  • To identify critical process steps for eco-design and optimize CNC production for reduced environmental impact.

Main Methods:

  • Lab-scale production and characterization of CNC using both H2SO4 and an oxalic acid/choline chloride DES.
  • Sustainability assessment using the ESCAPE tool, evaluating embodied energy (EE) and carbon footprint (CF) based on Italian and French energy mixes.

Main Results:

  • The DES-based process demonstrated superior sustainability due to shorter purification times and higher mass recovery compared to the H2SO4 method.
  • Key environmental impact contributors identified as purification phases and water consumption.
  • Targeted process improvements significantly reduced the environmental footprint with negligible impact on CNC properties.

Conclusions:

  • The oxalic acid/choline chloride DES offers a greener and more sustainable alternative for cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) production.
  • Process optimization, particularly in purification and water usage, is crucial for minimizing the environmental impact of CNC synthesis.
  • This study provides a framework for eco-design in nanomaterial production.