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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Cardiomyopathy VII: Pre and Post Operative Nursing Management01:28

Cardiomyopathy VII: Pre and Post Operative Nursing Management

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Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy may undergo a septal myectomy (Morrow procedure). This procedure involves excising a portion of the hypertrophied septum below the aortic valve using a heart-lung machine to improve blood flow through the LVOT. Effective preoperative and postoperative nursing management ensures successful patient outcomes, minimizes complications, and...
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Aneurysm IV: Nursing Management01:22

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Vigilant monitoring for aneurysm rupture is essential for patients undergoing aortic surgery.Preoperative Nursing ManagementContinuously monitor the patient for manifestations of aneurysm rupture, such as pallor, weakness, tachycardia, hypotension, abdominal, back, groin, or periumbilical pain, changes in consciousness, and a pulsating abdominal mass. Regularly assess the patient's peripheral pulses.Instruct the patient to consume a clear liquid diet the day before surgery and administer...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

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Anesthesiologists' Intraoperative Analgesic Practices for Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery.

Michael H-G Li1, Guanqing Chen1, Samantha Harrison1

  • 1Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston, MA.

Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
|September 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cardiac anesthesiologists commonly use fentanyl and acetaminophen for intraoperative pain management during cardiac surgery. Barriers to opioid-sparing techniques include conventional practices and lack of institutional policies.

Keywords:
analgesia and anesthesiaanalgesicscardiac surgeryopioidperioperative periodregional anesthesia

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Intraoperative analgesic prescription is crucial for cardiac surgery patients.
  • Understanding international practice patterns can guide improved pain management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the intraoperative analgesic prescription practices of cardiac anesthesiologists globally.
  • To identify perceptions and barriers related to opioid and non-opioid analgesic use in cardiac surgery.

Main Methods:

  • A 2024 international survey was distributed to members of the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists and the Australian & New Zealand College of Anaesthetists.
  • The survey focused on perceptions and practices of opioid and non-opioid analgesia during intraoperative cardiac surgery.
  • 377 participants responded to the survey.

Main Results:

  • Fentanyl (73.5%) was the primary opioid analgesic, and acetaminophen (72.3%) was the most common adjunct.
  • A majority (79.1%) agreed on the role of intraoperative multimodal analgesia in cardiac surgery.
  • Key barriers to opioid-sparing techniques included conventional practice (50%), lack of institutional policy (35.1%), and unfamiliarity (34.8%).

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed on the efficacy of non-opioid drugs and opioid comparisons, focusing on long-term, patient-centered outcomes.
  • Educational initiatives and institutional policy changes are recommended to standardize intraoperative opioid use.