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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Sensory signals for nausea.

Shiling Hu1, Ashley Loureiro1, Chuchu Zhang1

  • 1Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Trends in Neurosciences
|September 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nausea, a protective reflex, involves complex neural, digestive, endocrine, and immune system interactions. This review explores molecular mechanisms of nausea across mammalian models to advance mechanism-driven therapeutic research.

Keywords:
anti-emeticsarea postremagut–braininteroceptionneuron-immunevagus nerve

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gastroenterology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Nausea is a vital protective reflex against ingested toxins.
  • It is also a debilitating symptom in various medical conditions.
  • Understanding its neural and molecular basis is crucial for therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of nausea.
  • To explore nausea triggers and sensory principles across different mammalian models.
  • To advocate for a shift towards mechanism-driven therapeutic research for nausea.

Main Methods:

  • Summarized recent research findings on nausea mechanisms.
  • Utilized data from both non-emetic (rodents) and emetic (ferrets, shrews, dogs) mammalian models.
  • Focused on molecular mechanisms, particularly in malaise states.

Main Results:

  • Nausea involves intricate interoceptive neural pathway interactions.
  • Diverse mammalian models offer insights into conserved and divergent nausea mechanisms.
  • Malaise states present unique challenges and opportunities for nausea research.

Conclusions:

  • Clarifying the sensory principles governing nausea is essential.
  • A bottom-up, mechanism-driven approach is needed for effective nausea therapeutics.
  • Further research across diverse models will illuminate nausea's complexities.