Temporal changes in sex-specific cryptic sexual dimorphism and allometric scaling in the long-lived Alpine swift...

Morphological differences between the sexes are frequently reported in wild populations, which can extend beyond overall body size and result in differences in the size and/or shape of specific traits. Sexually selected traits have historically been expected to display positive allometric scaling (i.e., relatively larger trait in bigger individuals), although recent works suggest that negative allometric scaling (i.e., relatively larger trait size in smaller individuals) are equally likely. We used a long-term dataset to quantify sexual dimorphism and sex-specific allometric scaling of morphometric traits in a wild bird described as monomorphic, the Alpine swift. We identified subtle sexual dimorphisms suggesting that the Alpine swift is rather a cryptically dimorphic species. Fork length was the most sexually dimorphic trait, with males displaying 7% longer forks than females. Furthermore, we found that the extent of sexual dimorphism in swifts has changed over the past two decades, such that male and female feather traits have become more similar. Finally, we show that fork length scaled negatively with wing length in both sexes, indicating that short-winged individuals had relatively larger forks. In line with selection on multiple sexual ornaments and the functional allometry hypothesis, which predicts that patterns of allometric scaling should depend on the function of the trait in question (i.e., negative allometric scaling does not need to accurately reflect body size but rather "attractiveness"), we suggest that short-winged individuals may have to compensate for their reduce attractiveness in body size by exaggerating their fork size.