Unveiling the dynamics: understanding the current scenario and drivers of HIV epidemiology in Pakistan

Over the past two decades, the global HIV/AIDS pandemic has emerged as one of the most pressing health concerns worldwide. In low-income countries, where resources are scarce, both the prevalence of HIV and the associated mortality rates have been steadily increasing. According to the national AIDS control program, approximately 74,619 individuals in Pakistan are living with HIV/AIDS, with cases distributed across various provinces and autonomous territories. The country's low literacy rate poses a significant barrier to understanding preventive measures, thereby facilitating the uncontrolled transmission of HIV through sexual intercourse, blood transfusions, and the use of contaminated medical equipment. Vulnerable populations include persons engaged in sex work, transgender individuals, males who have sex with men, and those who inject drugs. The movement and relocation of people, particularly in Karachi, are significant factors in the high prevalence of HIV. In Pakistan, where 20% of drug users are HIV positive the HIV positive population and is still spreading among injection drug users (IDUs). Male sex workers and transgender people who engage in sexual interactions with intravenous drug users are experiencing new outbreaks in some locations. HIV risk behaviors are influenced by limited awareness, social stigma, and inadequate harm reduction programs. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is spreading rapidly throughout Pakistan. This review article aims to identify the various factors that are involved in HIV epidemiology in Pakistan.