Making waves: Conceptualization of seawater-augmented potable reuse

This study presents the novel concept of seawater-augmented potable reuse. Four treatment trains are conceptualized for indirect and direct potable reuse scenarios at a coastal potable water reuse facility. Treated wastewater is supplied by a wastewater reclamation facility with either a conventional activated sludge or membrane bioreactor process. Seawater from three intake types was integrated into the potable reuse facility such that existing advanced water purification processes were fully utilized without compromising potable water production. Seawater pretreatment requirements varied with raw seawater quality, seawater intake type, and existing treatment processes at the wastewater reclamation and potable reuse facilities. Seawater augmentation can provide additional water supply at coastal potable reuse facilities without significant increases in infrastructure. Supply and demand risks associated with independent seawater desalination and potable reuse projects can be reduced. Laboratory and pilot testing are required in further consideration of seawater-augmented potable reuse. Strengthened collaborations across water, wastewater, and desalination industry partners are also needed.