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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera
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Green Imaging: Scoping Review of Radiology's Environmental Impact.

Sean A Woolen1, Marisa Martin2, Colby A Foster2

  • 1Director of Prostate MRI, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, California.

Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR
|September 20, 2025
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Summary

Radiology services significantly impact the environment, primarily through energy use and waste from nuclear medicine and contrast agents. Future research needs standardized methods and broader life cycle analyses for sustainability.

Keywords:
Climate changeenvironmental impactradiologyscoping reviewsustainability

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Radiology
  • Sustainability Studies

Background:

  • Radiology services contribute to environmental impact, yet comprehensive data is limited.
  • Understanding these impacts is crucial for developing sustainable healthcare practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing evidence on the environmental footprint of radiology services.
  • To identify critical research gaps in the field of medical imaging sustainability.

Main Methods:

  • A scoping review adhering to PRISMA-ScR guidelines was performed.
  • Searches across major databases (Ovid Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus) were conducted up to June 2025.
  • Studies reporting environmental outcomes of diagnostic imaging or image-guided procedures were included and data synthesized.

Main Results:

  • 115 studies from 1971-2025 were analyzed, with most from Europe and the US.
  • Key environmental impacts identified include energy consumption (27%), nuclear medicine waste (25%), and contrast media waste (14%).
  • Annual CO2 emissions varied by modality, with MRI and CT showing highest impacts; per-scan life cycle analyses (LCA) also showed wide ranges.

Conclusions:

  • Despite numerous publications, primary data on radiology's environmental impact remains scarce.
  • This review highlights the need for standardized methodologies, increased use of LCA, and further research into waste mitigation and cross-specialty assessments.