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Mucosal defences of salmonids in complex RAS environments.

Carlo C Lazado1, Juan Bosco Ara-Díaz1, Kevin T Stiller2

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Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) impact fish mucosal defences, but specific effects on skin, gills, and gut immunity remain unclear. Further research is vital for fish health and welfare in aquaculture.

Keywords:
AquacultureFish welfareGill healthRASRecirculating aquaculture systemSkin healthWater quality

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Area of Science:

  • Aquatic immunology
  • Fish health management
  • Aquaculture systems

Background:

  • Mucosal barriers are crucial primary defences for fish against environmental challenges.
  • Intensive aquaculture, especially recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), subjects fish to unique pressures.
  • Understanding RAS impacts on mucosal immunity is vital for fish welfare.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on environmental variables in RAS and their effects on fish mucosal defences.
  • To identify knowledge gaps regarding RAS impacts on salmonid mucosal immunity.
  • To highlight the need for functional immunological assessments in RAS-reared fish.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review consolidating studies on RAS environmental variables and fish mucosal defences.
  • Focus on salmonid species and mucosal organs (skin, gills, gut, olfactory).
  • Evaluation of existing histological data and identification of limitations.

Main Results:

  • RAS environments present physical, chemical, and microbial challenges to fish mucosal surfaces.
  • Impacts of RAS parameters on overall fish health are partially documented, but specific mucosal health consequences are unclear.
  • Most research focuses on gill defences, with limited data on other mucosal sites and functional immunological insights.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing RAS production requires a deeper understanding of how the environment affects mucosal barriers.
  • Mucosal surfaces offer insights into rearing conditions and are key to fish health and welfare in aquaculture.
  • Functional immunological studies are needed to complement histological data for a comprehensive understanding of RAS impacts.