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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Plankton Response to Climate Change Through Time-Series Data and Artistic Expression
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Satellite-observed significant decrease in Arctic phytoplankton biomass during the COVID-19 pandemic due to reduced

Tianyi Hao1, Chao Liu2, Huan Hu2

  • 1School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University & Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education & Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.

Water Research
|September 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The COVID-19 lockdown significantly reduced Arctic Ocean chlorophyll-a by 19%, linked to decreased nutrient pollution from wastewater and air. This highlights the impact of human activity on the vulnerable Arctic ecosystem.

Keywords:
Arctic OceanCOVID-19 pandemic lockdownChlorophyll-a concentration (Chla)Land-based nutrientsOcean optical classification

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Ecology
  • Oceanography
  • Remote Sensing

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown drastically reduced global human activities, impacting marine ecosystems.
  • Studies on the Arctic Ocean's phytoplankton biomass response to these changes were limited.
  • Phytoplankton, crucial for marine food webs and carbon cycling, are sensitive indicators of environmental shifts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an accurate pan-Arctic ocean color model for chlorophyll-a (Chla) retrieval.
  • To establish a long-term, high-resolution daily Chla dataset for the Arctic Ocean.
  • To investigate the impact of COVID-19 lockdown-induced human activity changes on Arctic Chla.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel pan-Arctic ocean color model for chlorophyll-a (Chla) concentration retrieval using optical classification.
  • Applied the model to satellite ocean color imagery from 2003-2022 during the Arctic Ocean's sunshine period (April-September).
  • Analyzed the correlation between reduced land-based nutrient inputs (wastewater discharge, atmospheric pollution) and Chla changes.

Main Results:

  • A significant 19% decrease in regionally-averaged Arctic Ocean Chla was observed during the 2020-2021 COVID-19 lockdown compared to 2019.
  • The most substantial Chla declines (31-49%) occurred in April-May 2021, with the European sector showing the longest duration of decrease.
  • Reduced wastewater discharge and atmospheric PM2.5 were strongly correlated with Chla decrease (R=0.52-0.71), impacting shallow and deep seas differently.

Conclusions:

  • Arctic Ocean ecosystems were significantly impacted by human activity reductions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Wastewater discharge reduction most affected shallow Arctic seas, while atmospheric pollution reduction impacted deep Arctic waters.
  • Effective Arctic ecosystem protection requires integrating both long-term climate change and short-term human activity assessments.