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Bandpass Sampling

Bandpass Sampling

In signal processing, bandpass sampling is an effective technique for sampling signals that have most of their energy concentrated within a narrow frequency band. This type of signal is known as a bandpass signal. The key principle of bandpass sampling involves sampling the signal at a rate that is greater than twice the signal's bandwidth to prevent aliasing.
A bandpass signal has a spectrum with a lower frequency limit, denoted as ω1, and an upper frequency limit, denoted as ω2....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: June 5, 2017

Bifocal alpha-band tACS modulates temporal sampling in visual perception.

Alessia Santoni¹, Giuseppe Di Dona¹, Riccardo Gironi²

¹School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.

|September 21, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Alpha oscillations modulate visual temporal sampling. Specifically, stimulating alpha frequency by +2 Hz improved performance on a visual task, while -2 Hz impaired it, revealing hemispheric differences.

Keywords:

Aperiodic activity Individual alpha frequency Non-invasive brain stimulation Temporal perception Temporal segregation Vision

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Visual Perception
Brain Oscillations

Background:

Alpha oscillations (7-13 Hz) are linked to visual temporal processing, but evidence is often correlational.
Faster alpha frequencies are theorized to correlate with finer temporal resolution.
Previous findings on alpha's role in temporal sampling are inconsistent.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the causal role of alpha oscillations in visual temporal sampling.
To explore the effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on temporal processing.
To examine hemispheric differences in alpha-mediated visual temporal sampling.

Main Methods:

Used high-definition tACS over visual areas (V5/MT) at individual alpha frequency (IAF), IAF+2 Hz, or IAF-2 Hz.
Participants performed a two-flash fusion task to assess temporal segregation accuracy.
Electroencephalography (EEG) recorded brain activity before, during, and after stimulation.

Main Results:

Baseline IAF correlated with temporal segregation accuracy (higher IAF = better accuracy).
IAF+2 Hz stimulation improved temporal segregation, while IAF-2 Hz decreased performance.
Effects were specific to the right hemifield, suggesting hemispheric specialization.
IAF+2 Hz stimulation modulated the aperiodic exponent, indicating changes in cortical excitability.

Conclusions:

Alpha oscillations causally influence visual temporal sampling processes.
tACS can effectively modulate temporal perception, with frequency-specific effects.
Results highlight hemispheric differences and potential short-term plasticity mechanisms in alpha-mediated visual processing.