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Related Concept Videos

MOS Capacitor01:25

MOS Capacitor

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A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor is a fundamental structure used extensively in semiconductor device technology, particularly in the fabrication of integrated circuits and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The MOS capacitor consists of three layers: a metal gate, a dielectric oxide, and a semiconductor substrate.
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Capacitor With A Dielectric01:18

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Parallel plate capacitors consist of two conducting plates separated by a certain distance. However, it is mechanically difficult to hold the large plates parallel to each other without actual contact. Hence, a dielectric layer is commonly placed between the plates, which provides an easy solution for holding the plates together with a small gap and increases the capacitance of the capacitor.
Dielectrics are non-conducting materials with no free or loosely bound electrons. When a dielectric is...
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Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

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The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
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Spherical and Cylindrical Capacitor01:26

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A spherical capacitor consists of two concentric conducting spherical shells of radii R1 (inner shell) and R2 (outer shell). The shells have  equal and opposite charges of +Q and −Q, respectively. For an isolated conducting spherical capacitor, the radius of the outer shell can be considered to be infinite.
Conventionally, considering the  symmetry, the electric field between the concentric shells of a spherical capacitor is directed radially outward. The magnitude of the field,...
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Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

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In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
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Capacitors and Capacitance01:18

Capacitors and Capacitance

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A device consisting of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance and used to store electrical charges is called a capacitor. The space between the conductors is either a vacuum or an insulating material, called a dielectric. Capacitors have many applications, ranging from filtering static from radio reception to energy storage in heart defibrillators.
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Author Spotlight: Microfluidic Channel-Based Soft Electrodes and Their Application in Capacitive Pressure Sensing
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Organocatalytic Microfluidic Double-Layer Capacitors.

Shen-Yi Guo1,2, Miguel Paraja1,2, Augustina Jozeliūnaitė1,2

  • 1Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|September 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces supramolecular electrodes for scalable electric-field catalysis (EFC). These electrodes generate immense effective electric fields, significantly boosting organic synthesis yields and enabling new molecular construction methods.

Keywords:
ArginineElectrical double layerElectric‐field catalysisEnamine chemistryFlow chemistryOrganocatalysisPolyarginine

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Electric-field catalysis (EFC) using external electric fields shows potential for molecular synthesis.
  • Current limitations include incompatibility with scalable organic synthesis and insufficient electric field strengths.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a scalable method for electric-field catalysis (EFC).
  • To engineer supramolecular electrodes that generate high effective electric fields (EEFs).

Main Methods:

  • Engineered supramolecular electrodes based on electrical double layers (EDLs).
  • Utilized principles from cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) for electrode design.
  • Tested polyarginine and pyrenebutyrate engineered electrodes in a proline-catalyzed aldol condensation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved effective electric fields (EEFs) over five million times greater than applied fields.
  • Demonstrated a tripling of yield in a benchmark organocatalysis reaction.
  • Identified polyarginine and pyrenebutyrate supramolecular electrodes as highly active for EFC.

Conclusions:

  • Supramolecular electrodes offer a scalable approach to EFC.
  • This method significantly enhances yields in organocatalysis.
  • Opens new avenues for molecular synthesis and catalysis.