Exploring Approaches for Estimating Cypermethrin Levels in Human Samples: A Comprehensive Review

Toxicity is a major problem for public health, across the world, with thousands of deaths happening each year, primarily in impoverished nations. Estimating the precise toxic substance that is responsible for the intoxication occurred and rendering accurate treatment is one of the most vital steps in healthcare. One type of toxin that is extremely dangerous to human health is pesticides. They may infiltrate the human body accidentally, purposefully, or through their line of work. These pesticides can cause symptoms ranging from minor skin rashes and vomiting to serious ones like impairing sperm quality, neural development, and conception rates. One such class of pesticides is the pyrethroids. Synthetic pyrethroids like cypermethrin cause various health issues such as numbness, itching, burning sensation, and in severe cases, loss of bladder, muscle weakness, salivation, shortness of breath and seizures. Several methods exist to determine and quantify cypermethrin that humans are exposed to. The review provides an up-to-date summary of analytical and extraction approaches for detecting cypermethrin residues, in human samples by simple methods like Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and by high end sensitive methods like Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass- Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Immunoassay techniques. It also adds light to the various sample preparation and clean-up techniques with a brief section on major analytical challenges associated with cypermethrin estimation in human samples.