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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

A Syngeneic Murine Model of Endometriosis using Naturally Cycling Mice
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Modelling menstruation in the common mouse: a narrative review.

Laura M Rogers1, Gendie E Lash2, Greg M Anderson1

  • 1Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago.

Reproduction, Fertility, and Development
|September 22, 2025
PubMed
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Menstruation research faces challenges due to ethical and technical limits. This review examines mouse models, finding progesterone withdrawal methods significantly impact endometrial breakdown, suggesting other ovarian factors are involved.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology and endocrinology
  • Gynecology and women's health research
  • Animal models in biomedical research

Background:

  • Menstruation, affecting 50% of the population, remains understudied, limiting treatment options for pathologies.
  • Ethical and technical constraints hinder human in vivo menstruation research.
  • Naturally menstruating animal models are often unsuitable, necessitating the use of induced models in mice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate current mouse models used to simulate menstruation.
  • To analyze how technical variables, particularly progesterone withdrawal, influence these models.
  • To identify gaps in understanding endometrial breakdown and repair mechanisms in these models.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mouse models of menstruation.

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  • Categorization of models into ovariectomy-based and pseudopregnancy-based approaches.
  • Analysis of the impact of different ovarian hormone withdrawal protocols on the menstrual-like process.

    • Main Results:

    • Two primary categories of mouse models (ovariectomy-based and pseudopregnancy-based) were identified.
    • The method of progesterone withdrawal critically influenced the rate of endometrial breakdown.
    • Models withdrawing only progesterone showed slower endometrial breakdown compared to those withdrawing all ovarian input, suggesting other factors are involved.

    Conclusions:

    • Current mouse models of menstruation offer valuable insights but have limitations.
    • The precise mechanisms of endometrial breakdown and repair in these models require further investigation.
    • Variations in model methodology, especially hormone withdrawal, can impact research outcomes and their translation to human menstruation.