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Fighting Through the Heat: How Male Aggression Influences Demography Under Recurrent Heatwaves.

Neelam Porwal¹, Jonathan M Parrett¹, Agnieszka Szubert-Kruszyńska¹

¹Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland.

Ecology and Evolution

|September 22, 2025

Summary

Male aggression, driven by sexual selection, can reduce individual survival but may enhance population resilience to environmental stress like heatwaves over generations. This study explored its impact on mite populations facing heat.

Keywords:

alternative mating tactics demography experimental evolution extinction heat population bottleneck small populations stress

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The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Ecology
Environmental science

Background:

Sexual selection can impact survival and fitness, sometimes creating sexual conflict.
Environmental stressors like heatwaves pose risks to populations, especially small, endangered ones.
The interplay between sexual and environmental selection under stress is crucial for population persistence.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how male aggression influences population survival during environmental stress.
To understand the combined effects of sexual selection (male aggression) and environmental stress (heatwaves) on population demography.

Main Methods:

Manipulated male aggression levels in *Sancassania berlesei* mite populations using pheromonal cues.
Exposed populations to recurrent extreme heat events over eight generations.
Monitored population survival rates in relation to fighter morph prevalence and heat exposure.

Main Results:

Heat exposure reduced survival, particularly in females.
Higher prevalence of aggressive males correlated with lower population survival.
Survival decline across generations was steeper in populations with fewer aggressive males.
Three populations with reduced male aggression went extinct under heat stress.

Conclusions:

Male aggression's individual survival costs did not worsen population sensitivity to heatwaves over time.
Mortality costs associated with male aggression were compensated across generations, possibly via inbreeding depression purging.
While posing short-term demographic risks, sexual selection may bolster population resilience to prolonged environmental stress.