Key Competencies for Effective New Nurse Preceptorship: A Scoping Review of Essential Skills and Knowledge

Background: The global nursing shortage necessitates rapid integration of new nurses into practice. However, the transition from student to professional remains challenging, with high first-year turnover rates. While preceptorship is vital for facilitating this transition, comprehensive competency frameworks for nurse preceptors are lacking. Aim: This study aims to review and define key competencies of registered nurse preceptors, focusing on essential skills and developmental strategies to build a competency framework. Design: A scoping review following established guidelines was conducted. Methods: Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from January 2012 to September 2022. The inclusion of studies was based on a set of defined eligibility criteria, and the results were synthesized into categories regarding the competencies of preceptors and methods for assessing them. Results: A total of 48 studies were included in the final analysis. The competencies required for new nurse preceptors were categorized into four primary areas: (1) role model attributes, (2) teaching abilities, (3) motivational capacities, and (4) personal attribute competency. The review highlighted gaps in preceptor training, with many preceptors lacking formal education or institutional support. Additionally, the review found that the selection of preceptors and new nurses should be a mutual process, and preceptor competencies are closely linked to the effectiveness of induction training. Conclusions: Healthcare institutions should prioritize the development of tailored preceptor training programs to ensure high-quality preceptorship for new nurses. Future research should focus on creating standardized frameworks for preceptors' competencies and evaluating the impact of specific training interventions to improve the effectiveness of preceptorship programs. By investing in preceptor education and fostering supportive environments, healthcare organizations can enhance nurse retention and contribute to the sustainability of the nursing workforce.