Gene Editing for Cystic Fibrosis: Advances and Prospects of CRISPR-Cas9 Therapy

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited, autosomal recessive disorder that is caused by mutations in the gene encoding cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CFTR maintains the balance between water and salts by transporting chloride ions along various epithelial surfaces. CFTR impairment affects the function of several organs, including the lungs. Newborn screening, prenatal diagnosis, and pharmacological interventions have altered the prevalence and incidence of cystic fibrosis. Although CFTR modulators are a promising treatment option, their ability to target and correct only one mutation at a time restricts their therapeutic potential. The development of genome editing technologies such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-Cas(CRISPR-Cas9) has the potential to correct genetic mutations, including those associated with CF, thereby offering a permanent treatment by fixing the root cause of CF. This article summarizes cystic fibrosis development, prognosis, and diagnosis, as well as possibilities for correcting various types of CFTR gene mutations. The review focuses on the potential of gene editing technologies to repair CFTR mutations and their applications in the advancement of CF treatment.