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Neck Angle in the Handstand Changes the Pattern of Multi-Joint Variability.

Roman Farana1, Pavel Brtva1, Gareth Irwin1,2

  • 1Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.

Journal of Motor Behavior
|September 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The extended neck angle in handstands offers the most stability by minimizing center of mass (CM) shifts. This posture is preferred in gymnastics due to its link with reduced joint variability.

Keywords:
acrobaticsbalancemotor controlupright stance

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Science
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Handstand stability is crucial for gymnasts.
  • Neck posture's influence on overall body stability is not fully understood.
  • Understanding joint variability in relation to center of mass (CM) is key for performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how different neck angles (extended, neutral, flexed) affect center of mass (CM) stability during handstands.
  • To analyze the relationship between neck angle and joint angle variability in experienced female gymnasts.
  • To determine the contribution of specific joint angle variability to CM motion across different neck postures.

Main Methods:

  • Seven elite female gymnasts performed handstands with three neck postures: extended, neutral, and flexed.
  • 3D motion capture technology was used to collect kinematic data.
  • Variability analysis was performed on joint angles (wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, neck) and CM position.

Main Results:

  • The extended neck angle posture demonstrated the lowest CM variability, correlating with its common use in gymnastics.
  • Joint angle variability significantly correlated with CM motion. The extended neck angle primarily involved shoulder (33%), wrist (23%), and neck (21%) variability.
  • Neutral neck angle showed moderate correlation with hip variability (32%), while the flexed neck angle heavily relied on neck angle variability (63%).

Conclusions:

  • Neck angle plays a significant role in handstand postural variability.
  • Joint angle variability, visual information, and tonic reflexes mediate the effects of neck angle on handstand stability.
  • Optimizing neck posture can enhance handstand performance and stability in gymnasts.