Social Determinants of Health in Pediatric Asthma and Allergic Diseases: A Systematic Review

This study aimed to synthesize evidence of the influence of multilevel social determinants of health (SDOHs) on asthma and allergic disease outcomes and healthcare utilization in children and adolescents, with a specific focus on how these determinants generate or widen health inequities, through a systematic review of the current literature and evidence.

A literature search was performed in the PubMed, EBSCO, and Scopus databases. The search period for all databases was from 1 January 2020 to 15 January 2025. Studies published in English that evaluated the association between at least one SDOH, as a primary exposure or effect modifier, and asthma and/or allergic disease outcomes and healthcare utilization in children and adolescents aged ≤ 18 years were included. A narrative synthesis was conducted to systematically explore and compare findings across studies, grouped by SDOH domains and disease outcomes. The grouping of SDOH domains was based on the framework established by the Healthy People 2030 Initiative. The selected studies underwent a quality assessment.

After the eligibility assessment, 44 studies were included in this review. Regarding study design, twenty-one studies were cohort, followed by eighteen cross-sectional, three ecological, and two case-crossover studies. Disease outcomes covered incidence, severity/exacerbations, lung function, and healthcare use in asthma, and analogous measures also reported for atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy. The most frequently studied domain of SDOHs was Neighborhood and Built Environment (n = 26), followed by Economic Stability (n = 24), Social and Community Context (n = 21), Healthcare Access and Quality (n = 12), and Education Access and Stability (n = 10). The vast majority of studies (n = 31) found positive associations between the examined SDOH factors and asthma and/or allergic disease outcomes and healthcare utilization. The most frequently evaluated SDOH with positive associations were neighborhood and residential conditions (n = 10), discrimination (n = 8), parental education (n = 7), housing quality (n = 6), air pollution (n = 6), and household income (n = 5). Risk-of-bias appraisal showed that the evidence base was largely at low risk, with most cohort, cross-sectional, ecological and case-crossover studies rated good quality, and only a few cohort studies classified as fair because of limitations in exposure assessment and residual confounding control.

These findings highlight the urgent need for coordinated interventions and policies addressing social, environmental, and economic factors to reduce health disparities and improve outcomes for vulnerable children, while stressing the importance of interventional studies to provide stronger evidence.