Aggressive Mucormycosis with Extensive Craniofacial Involvement: A Case Report of Radical Surgical Management and...

Background and Clinical Significance: Mucormycosis is a rare but potentially fatal opportunistic fungal infection with high morbidity and mortality rates despite aggressive treatment. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis represents the most common form, requiring prompt recognition and multidisciplinary management. Case Presentation: We report a 60-year-old female with glucose intolerance who developed extensive rhinocerebral mucormycosis involving the right maxillary sinus, orbit, and skull base. Despite initial antifungal therapy with amphotericin B, rapid disease progression necessitated radical surgical intervention including complete right hemimaxillectomy, orbital enucleation, and partial sphenoid bone resection with carotid siphon exposure. Initial reconstruction using a free scapular osteocutaneous flap failed due to vascular compromise, requiring salvage coverage with a temporalis muscle flap. Postoperatively, the patient recovered without cerebrovascular complications. Long-term rehabilitation involved implant-supported prosthetic reconstruction with osseointegrated implants placed in the remaining maxilla and fabrication of a custom obturator prosthesis to restore facial support and masticatory function. Conclusions: This case demonstrates the aggressive nature of mucormycosis requiring extensive surgical resection and highlights the challenges of reconstruction in infected tissues. While free flap reconstruction offers theoretical advantages, local tissue options provide reliable coverage when microvascular procedures fail. Comprehensive multidisciplinary care including prosthetic rehabilitation can achieve satisfactory functional outcomes following radical resection.