Ethnography in Primary Health Care: Theoretical-Methodological Reflections on Pharmaceutical Services

In pharmacy, theoretical and methodological approaches from anthropology and the social sciences have been increasingly used to understand the complexity of health-disease processes and their relationship with medicines and social practices. Ethnography offers a critical and in-depth lens for analyzing phenomena in Primary Health Care (PHC), bridging persistent gaps between theory and method in health research. This article presents the theoretical and methodological trajectory of an ethnographic study on pharmaceutical services in PHC, conducted through participant observation in three Units in São Paulo, totaling 166 h of fieldwork. Data were recorded in field diaries and analyzed using a thematic inductive approach, leading to the development of conceptual categories and an analytical framework. Reflections on the method enabled interpretive analyses based on assumptions that were confronted with national and international trends in pharmacy literature. Constructing the method in a non-isolated, context-sensitive way was essential to understanding how pharmacists actively shape their practices in PHC. The study reinforces the relevance of participant observation as both a methodological and interpretive strategy, revealing that pharmaceutical services are being constructed through culturally situated practices that respond to health needs with the pharmacist's active involvement.